BAMBARA GROUNDNUT FLOUR[VIGNA SUBTERRANEA]
Listing description
Vigna subterranea (also known by its common names Bambara groundnut', Bambara-bean, Congo goober mr. bean', earth pea,ground-bean, or hog-peanut)
is a member of the family Fabaceae. The plant originated in West Africa.
Detailed description
Vigna
subterranea ripens its pods underground, much like the peanut (also called a groundnut). They can be eaten
fresh or boiled after drying.
Names in other languages
The name for the
Bambara groundnut in the Bambara language of Mali (Bamanankan) is tiganingɛlɛn or tiganinkurun,
literally "little hard peanut" (peanut is tiga). Among other West African languages it is
known by other names; in Hausa it is variously
referred to as Gurjiya orKwaruru. In Goemai, Kwam;
and in Kanuri, Ngangala;
in Ibo, Okpa and in Ga, Akwei.
Bambara groundnuts
are also known as jugo beans or in Swahili, njugumawe. In the Republic of Zambia, bambara groundnuts are known as either ntoyo (ciBemba),katoyo (kiKaonde), or mbwiila (chiTonga). In Shangaan they
are known as tindluwa. In Malagasy, the language of Madagascar,
they are known as voanjobory, which
translates to "round peanut." In Indonesia it is called "kacang
bogor", which literally means "Bogor peanut", because this plant
is widely cultured in Bogor,
West Java. It is called "kacang poi" in Malay
language, not to be confused with "kacang pool" which serves as one
of popular dishes in the southern region of Malaysia. In the Shona language of
Zimbabwe it is known as "Nyimo", and "indlubu" in the
ndebele language. language|Silozi]], they are called 'Lituu.' In Oshiwambo, it
is called "ofukwa" or "eefukwa" for plural.
Agronomic aspects
Origin and regions of cultivation
The origin of the
Bambara groundnut is West Africa and the region of
cultivation is Sub-Saharan Africa's warm tropics.
Importance in the world food system
Bambara groundnut
represents the third most
important grain legume in semi-arid Africa. “It is resistant to high
temperature and is suitable for marginal soils where other leguminous crops
cannot be grown”. In addition, it
makes very little demand on the soil and
has a high nutritive value with 65% carbohydrate and 18% protein content. For these reasons it is not
prone to the risk of total harvest failure even in low and uncertain rainfall
regions. "Due to its high protein value it is a very important crop for
poorer people in Africa who cannot afford expensive animal protein." Despite its nutritional value, it is
still considered as one of the prioritized neglected and
underutilized species in Benin.
Product use
The seeds are used
for food and beverage because of its high protein content[11] and
for digestive system applications. The
entire plant is known for soil improvement because
of nitrogen fixation. In West Africa, the nuts are eaten as a snack, roasted
and salted, or as a meal, boiled similar to other beans.
Soil requirements
Optimal soils for
Bambara groundnut production are sandy soils to prevent waterlogging. Optimal
soil depth is between 50 and 100 cm,with a light soil texture. soil fertility should be low and soil pH is best suited between 5
and 6.5 and should not be lower
than 4.3 or higher than 7.
Climate requirements
The production is
best suited between a latitude of 20° - 30°, i.e.
the tropical wet and dry (Aw) and the
subtropical dry summer (Cs) climate zones.
Optimal temperature is between 19 °C and
30 °C. Temperatures below
16 °C and above 38 °C are not suited for the production of
bambara groundnut. The bambara groundnut is very drought resistant. The minimal annual rainfall
requirement is about 300 mm and
optimal annual rainfall is between 750 mm and 1400 mm and should not exceed 3000 mm.
Cropping system
The cropping system
is semi-permanent and the Bambara
groundnut can be cultivated as single crop or as intercrop. Best suited intercrops are sorghum, millet, maize, groundnut, yams and cassava.
Bambara groundnut is
mainly cultivated as intercrop, however the
planting density varies between 6 to 29 plants per square meter. For woodland savannas of Côte d'Ivoire
the highest yield is attainable with a plant density of 25 plants per square meter.
Fertilization
Since Vigna subterranea is usually intercropped, no fertilizer is
applied. A yield of 1000 kg seed and 925 kg leaves remove
55.7 kg N, 26.2 kg K, 25.1 kg C, 7.8 kg Pand 6.6 kg Mg. Since Bambara groundnut is a legume,
phosphor is the most important nutrient. An application rate of 60 kg/ha of P2O5 is recommended for bambara
groundnut in Yola, Adamawa State Nigeria.
Production
World production of Vigna subterranea increased from 29'800 tonnes in 1972 to 79'155 tonnes in 2005, while the yield during this
period did not increase. "As an under-utilised crop, bambara groundnut has
not received sustained research" until
recent years and therefore no yield increase occurred.
|
Area Harvested (Ha)
|
Yield (kg/ha)
|
Production (tonnes)
|
|
|
120,000
|
9,498
|
113,981
|
|
|
68,000
|
4,412
|
30,000
|
|
|
55,000
|
8,909
|
49,000
|
|
|
43,392
|
8,444
|
36,639
|
|
|
4,828
|
750
|
14,000
|
|
|
World
|
315,392
|
7,724
|
243,620
|
Pest and diseases
Pest and diseases
are not considered to be a serious problem for Vigna subterranea.
Reported diseases:
·
Leaf spot (Cerscospora canescens &
Phyllosticta voandzeia)
·
Powdery mildew (Erysiphe sp.)
·
Wilt (Fusarium sp.)
·
Leaf blotch (Phomopsis sp.)
·
Stem rot (Scleorotium rolfsii)
Reported pests:[14]
·
Bruchids (Callosobruchus sp.)
·
Leaf hoppers (Hilda patruelis)
·
Termites
·
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica)
·
Rodents
·
Parasitic plants (Alectra
vogelii and Striga gesnerioides)
Physiology
Growth
The growth cycle is
between (min-max) 90–170 days and
under optimal conditions the cycle is about 120–150 days to pod maturity.
Flowers appear 40–60 days after
planting. 30 days after
pollination the pod reaches maturity and during another 55 days the seeds fully
develop. Every 30 days they are produced again.
Generative reproduction
Generative
reproduction is for the Bambara groundnut autogamous (self-fertilization) and cleistogamous (self-pollinating).
PRICE
$20.01/KG OR $9.50/IB
For more information:
mobile: +2348039721941
contact person: emeaba uche
e-mail: emeabau@yahoo.com
website: www.franchiseminerals.com
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